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Implementing & Troubleshooting OSPF Areas: Stub, NSSA, and Totally Stubby
As network architectures evolve, OSPF remains a cornerstone technology, more relevant than ever. Whether it's providing connectivity in Data Center VXLAN fabrics, supporting MPLS and Segment Routing in Service Provider networks, or ensuring efficient routing in large, complex enterprise environments, OSPF's role is undeniable.Understanding and implementing proper OSPF design is key to: Maximizing network uptime Reducing network convergence time during failure scenariosOptimizing the critical aspects of network performance Today’s network engineers must possess the skills to fully leverage OSPF’s capabilities to meet the demands of modern networking environments.In this blog, we'll explore how to implement and troubleshoot one of OSPF's most essential aspects—its ability to optimize routing through various types of stub areas. Understanding how Stub Areas, Not-So-Stubby Areas (NSSA), and Totally Stubby Areas work is key to ensuring you have the skills to design scalable, high-performance networks.Also, be sure to check the Further Learning section at the end for links to hands-on additional resources.Getting StartedLet's look at the topology diagram below to understand the need for these different OSPF area types.In this topology, we have two Autonomous System Boundary Routers (ASBRs) redistributing external routes (BGP and EIGRP) into the OSPF domain. The ASBRs advertise these routes using the External LSA (LSA Type 5), which then floods throughout the OSPF domain without any changes. These types of routes can be verified below. As you can see above, R2 is receiving many External Routes (Type 5 LSAs). Next, we verify who the advertising router is. Below, we can see the detailed verification for the first and last routes. For route 10.1.1.1, the advertising router is R1, and the router ID is 10.1.1.1. For route 10.10.10.15, the advertising router is R9, and the router ID is 10.9.9.9. Now, let’s verify what checksum value the ASBRs set for the Type 5 LSA routes 10.1.1.1 and 10.10.10.15.Now, to confirm that the Type 5 LSA is flooded throughout the OSPF domain without any change, we must verify the checksum value on any other router that is not the ASBR. If the checksum value is the same, it confirms that the ASBR floods Type 5 LSA throughout the OSPF domain unchanged. We will verify this on R2.Since the checksum value is the same on all routers, our verification for the ASBR flooding the Type 5 LSA throughout the OSPF domain is complete.Imagine if the ASBR advertised 50,000 Type 5 LSA routes. 50,000 Type 5 LSAs would flood the OSPF domain, affecting the network's performance. To optimize the OSPF network, you can configure an Area as a Stub Area. This Stub Area will not receive any Type 5 LSAs; instead, it receives a default Summary LSA (Type 3 LSA) route from the local ABR so that it can still reach the external networks. What is a Stub Area?A Stub area is designed to reduce the size of the routing table by restricting the types of LSAs (Link-State Advertisements) that can enter the area. Specifically, a Stub area does not allow external routes (Type 5 LSAs) to enter. Instead, the area routers rely on a default route (0.0.0.0/0) to reach destinations outside of OSPF.Stub Area Key Characteristics:Type 1 and Type 2 LSAs: Routers within the stub area will exchange Router (Type 1) and Network (Type 2) LSAs as normal.Type 3 LSAs: Summary LSAs (Type 3) are allowed for inter-area routes.No Type 4 LSAs: ASBR Summary LSAs (Type 4) are not generated by the ABR.No Type 5 LSAs: External Routes (Type 5 LSAs) are blocked. Instead, a Type 3 LSA default route (0.0.0.0/0) is injected into the area to forward traffic to external destinations.Stub Area Restrictions:Area 0 cannot be configured as a Stubby Area.There must be no virtual-links transiting the Stubby Area.There must be no ASBR present in the Stubby Area.Stub Area Use CaseStub areas are ideal for areas with limited resources or where external route information is not needed. For example, a branch office with only a few internal routes may use a stub area to simplify routing decisions.Now that we have learned the basics of OSPF Stub Areas, let's deep-dive into the configuration.Implementing and Troubleshooting OSPF Stub AreaImagine that Area 1 is a remote branch office, and the routers there cannot handle too many LSAs. To reduce the routes from the routing table and to optimize Area 1, configure the entire Area 1 as a Stub Area. This will remove all the Type 5 LSAs from the OSPF database and the routing table. Important Note: a Stub flag must match between two routers for them to establish OSPF adjacency. This means that if Area 1 is configured as a Stub on R4, then R3 and R2 must also be configured as Stub for Area 1.Let’s verify if the Stub flag needs to match. For this, we will configure Area 1 as Stub on R4 and R3, but not on R2. Since we did not configure R2 as a Stub for Area 1, R2 has lost its OSPF adjacency with R3 and, in turn, all the OSPF routes.Let’s verify the reason for this by issuing a debug command.This proves that the Stub flag must match between the routers to establish OSPF adjacency. Now, let’s configure R2 with the Stub flag.Now our OSPF adjacency should be back up, and R2 will start receiving OSPF routes.Let’s verify which LSAs the ABR has filtered out and whether OSPF Area 1 has been optimized.As you can see in the above output, R2 and R3 are not receiving any Type 5 LSAs and Type 4 LSAs as they are being filtered out by the ABR, which is R4 for Area 1.Does that mean R2 and R3 cannot reach or access external networks? Well, they would still be able to access the external networks because the ABR - R4 for Area 1 - advertises a Type 3 LSA default route (0.0.0.0/0) to the routers belonging to Area 1. Next let’s verify if the ABR is indeed advertising a Type 3 LSA default route.Next, we verify the routing table and check the connectivity to the external networks from R2 or R3.As you can see in the above output, we do not have any Type 5 LSA routes in the routing table; instead, we have a Type 3 LSA default route that will be used to reach external networks.Let us finally check the connectivity to the external network 10.1.1.1/32, which resides behind R1, and 10.10.10.15/32, which resides behind R10.The next type of area is called an OSPF Totally Stubby Area.What is a Totally Stubby Area?A Totally Stubby Area is a Cisco-proprietary OSPF area that further reduces the routing table by blocking both external routes (Type 5 LSAs) and inter-area routes (Type 3 LSAs). Only a single Type 3 LSA default route (0.0.0.0/0) is injected to handle all traffic outside the area.Totally Stubby Area Key Characteristics:Type 1 and Type 2 LSAs: Routers within the stub area will exchange Router (Type 1) and Network (Type 2) LSAs as normal.No Type 3 LSAs: Inter-area routes are not allowed.No Type 4 LSAs: ASBR Summary LSAs (Type 4) are not generated by the ABR.No Type 5 LSAs: External routes are blocked.Only a Default Route (Type 3 LSA): The ABR injects only one Type 3 LSA default route (0.0.0.0/0) into the area.Totally Stubby Area Restrictions:Area 0 cannot be configured as a Totally Stubby Area.There must be no virtual-links transiting the Totally Stubby Area.There must be no ASBR present in the Totally Stubby Area.Totally Stubby Area Use CaseTotally Stubby Areas are perfect for networks where minimal routing information is needed. For instance, a small remote site that needs to send all non-local traffic to the central network would benefit from this configuration.Now that we have learned the basics of OSPF Totally Stubby Areas let's deep-dive into the configuration.Implementing and Troubleshooting OSPF Totally Stubby AreaImagine that Area 1 is a small remote site that needs to send all non-local traffic to the central site, and also because the lower-performance routers in Area 1 cannot handle a large number of LSAs. To reduce the routes from the routing table and to optimize Area 1, we will configure all the non-ABR routers in Area 1 as Stub and the ABR routers in Area 1 as Totally Stubby. This will remove all the External (Types 4 & 5) LSAs as well as all the Inter-area (Type 3) LSAs from the OSPF database & routing table. However, one Type 3 LSA default route (0.0.0.0/0) will be injected by the Area 1 ABR into the Totally Stubby Area. Even here, the stub flag must match to keep the OSPF adjacency.Let’s configure area 1 as Totally Stubby.Next, we verify which LSAs the ABR has filtered out and whether OSPF Area 1 has been optimized.As you can see in the above output, R2 and R3 are not receiving any Type 5 LSAs, Type 4 LSAs, or Type 3 LSAs from the ABR, but only one Type 3 LSA —the default route.Our next step is to verify the routing table and check the connectivity to both the external and inter-area networks from R2 or R3.As can be seen in the above output, the routing table has been drastically reduced. The ABR blocks all External Type 4 & 5 LSAs and Inter-Area Type 3 LSAs, and it injects only one Type 3 LSA default route (0.0.0.0/0).The next variation after OSPF Totally Stubby Areas is the OSPF Not-So-Stubby Area (NSSA).What is an OSPF Not-So-Stubby (NSSA)?The Not-So-Stubby Area (NSSA) is an extension of the Stub Area concept, which is designed to allow limited external routing while still maintaining simplicity and reducing overhead. Like the OSPF Stub Area, the ABR belonging to the NSSA restricts External Routes (Types 4 & 5 LSAs) from being flooded into the area. One key difference, though, is that ASBRs are allowed within the NSSA area. When redistribution is performed within the NSSA, the ASBR generates NSSA External LSAs (Type 7 LSAs), which the ABR then translates into External LSAs (Type 5 LSAs) before they are sent on to Area 0.Additionally, in an NSSA, the ABR does not typically inject a Type 3 LSA default route automatically into the NSSA area. This means that the routers in the NSSA will not be able to reach external routes advertised by any ASBR that resides outside of the NSSA unless a default route is explicitly originated by the NSSA ABR. NSSA Practical Use CasesSmall Branch Offices:In a small branch office scenario, external connectivity might be needed to connect to external networks or a different routing protocol (e.g., BGP), but the branch doesn't need to see all the external routes in the OSPF domain. NSSA would be useful here.Hybrid Environments:In environments where OSPF is used internally but external connections (like the Internet or other ASes) are required, NSSA enables the controlled redistribution of external routes into OSPF while keeping the internal OSPF network optimized.Implementing and Troubleshooting OSPF NSSAUse the topology below to visualize and implement NSSA.As you can see in the above diagram, we have two ASBRs (R1 and R9). These two ASBRs generate External LSA (Type 5) and flood it throughout the OSPF domain. If we configure Area 2 as NSSA, R9 will stop generating External LSAs (Type 5) and start generating Not-so-stubby area LSA (Type 7). This Not-so-stubby area LSA (Type 7) will be flooded only within Area 2 and will not be flooded into Area 0 by the ABR. Because the ASBR R1 is outside the NSSA, it will still flood External LSAs (Type 5) into Area 0. However, the ABR of Area 2 will block these External LSAs (Type 5) coming from R1 to go into Area 2.Now the ABR of Area 2 needs to translate the Not-so-stubby area LSA (Type 7) into External LSAs (Type 5) and advertise them to Area 0 so that routers outside the NSSA can reach the redistributed routes advertised by the ASBR R9.The ABR of Area 2 also needs to generate a default route into Area 2 so that routers within the NSSA can reach the redistributed routes advertised by the ASBR R1. This does not happen automatically and has to be explicitly configured on the ABR.Before we configure NSSA, we will verify whether both ASBRs are generating External LSAs (Type 5). For the ASBR R1, we will use the route 10.1.1.5/32, and for the ASBR R9, we will use the route 10.10.10.15/32 for verification.As you can see above, both ASBRs are generating External LSAs (Type 5). Now, let's configure Area 2 as an NSSA.Now let's verify if the ASBRs are still generating External LSAs (Type 5).Based on the above output, we can confirm that the ASBR R1, which is outside the NSSA, is still generating and flooding External LSAs (Type 5) into Area 0. Based on the above output, we can confirm that the ASBR R9, which is within the NSSA, has stopped generating and flooding External LSAs (Type 5).Let's confirm if the ASBR R9 is generating a Not-so-stubby area LSA (Type 7).Based on the above output, we can confirm that the ASBR R9, which is within the NSSA, is generating and flooding Not-so-stubby area LSA (Type 7) instead of generating and flooding External LSAs (Type 5).Now, let's check the routing table of R9 and verify if the ABR is blocking External LSAs (Type 5) generated by R1 to be flooded into Area 2 from Area 0.As you can see in the above output, there are no External LSA (Type 5) routes which means that the ABBR must be blocking External LSA (Type 5) to go inside Area 2 from Area 0. This means that routes within the NSSA cannot reach routes redistributed by the ASBR R1.To fix this, the ABR must be configured explicitly to generate a default route. Now, let's check the routing table of R9. As you can see in the above output, the ABRs (R7 and R8) are generating a default route which now allows Area 2 routers to reach the redistributed routes of the ASBR R1.Next, let's confirm if the ABR is translating the Not-so-stubby area LSA (Type 7) redistributed routes generated by the ASBR R9 into External LSA (Type 5) before flooding into Area 0.As you can see in the above output, ABR R8 is translating the Not-so-stubby area LSA (Type 7) redistributed routes generated by the ASBR R9 into External LSA (Type 5) before flooding into Area 0. By default, OSPF only allows one ABR to translate the Not-so-stubby area LSA (Type 7) into External LSA (Type 5). In our case, it was R8 because R8 had a higher Router-ID than R7.Now routers outside the NSSA can reach the redistributed routes generated by the ASBR R9 by using the External LSA (Type 5) database information flooded by the ABR R8.Let's confirm this by checking the routing table of R2.As you can see in the above output, R8 with the router-id 10.8.8.8 is advertising External LSA (Type 5). This means that R2 should be able to ping 10.10.10.15.This finishes our verification. ConclusionOSPF’s ability to optimize routing through Stub, Totally Stubby, and Not-So-Stubby Areas is essential for supporting modern network designs. By reducing unnecessary routing information and controlling LSA propagation, these area types help ensure efficient and scalable networks.Further LearningUnderstanding these OSPF area types isn’t just about theoretical knowledge—it’s about mastering the tools that will help you manage and optimize real-world networks. Take the time to practice implementing and troubleshooting these OSPF configurations to fully realize their benefits. INE offers a wide variety of hands-on OSPF labs, videos on OSPF design, configuration, & troubleshooting, and quizzes to help you reinforce your learning.Explore my courses and more below, and commit to continuous learning to elevate your career in networking!SkillDive Lab CollectionsOSPF Security & FilteringOSPF Advanced Techniques
Cyber Risk Management: Balancing Budgets and Threats
Organizations have long prioritized cybersecurity and cyber risk management as critical investments. Over the past decade, we've seen cybersecurity budgets experience hypergrowth as businesses struggled to keep pace with an ever-expanding threat landscape. However, recent trends indicate that this period of unbridled spending is beginning to level off, even as cyber risks continue to proliferate.The Cybersecurity Budget PlateauHistorically, cybersecurity budgets have experienced a steady upward trajectory, with Chief Information Security Officers (CISOs) reporting significant increases in recent years. In 2021 and 2022, CISOs saw remarkable budget growth of 16% and 17%, respectively, reflecting the heightened focus on digital security in the wake of the global pandemic and escalating cyber threats. Several factors have driven this significant growth in cybersecurity investment. The shift to remote work during the COVID-19 pandemic, the increasing sophistication of cyber threats, and high-profile data breaches have all contributed to a sense of urgency around bolstering digital defenses. Additionally, regulatory requirements and industry standards have mandated that organizations allocate more resources to protecting critical data and infrastructure.However, this trend of dramatic growth appears to be tapering off. While budgets are still increasing in 2023 and 2024, the rate of growth has adjusted to around 6% and 8%, respectively. This slowdown is further evidenced by the Security Budget Benchmark Report from IANS Research, which reveals that a quarter of CISO budgets have remained flat, while 12% have actually declined. This leveling off of cybersecurity spending is attributed to a variety of factors, including economic uncertainty, competing priorities for IT resources, and the perception that previous investments have adequately addressed immediate security concerns. This shift suggests a new phase in cybersecurity spending, where organizations are seeking to optimize their investments rather than simply increasing budgets year over year.The Exponential Growth of Cyber ThreatsWhile cybersecurity budgets are stabilizing, the threat landscape continues to grow exponentially. Cyberattacks have become more sophisticated, with state-sponsored actors, organized cybercriminal groups, and even individual hackers employing advanced techniques to infiltrate networks and steal sensitive data.The rise of ransomware, for instance, has been particularly alarming. Thales reported a 27% increase in ransomware attacks in 2023, with 8% paying ransom. A shocking 43% of enterprises failed their compliance audits last year, making them 10x more likely to experience a breach. Additionally, the proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, the increasing use of cloud-based services, and the widespread adoption of remote work have all expanded the attack surface, making it more challenging for organizations to secure their digital assets.The Widening Gap: Cyber Risk Management ChallengesThe juxtaposition of stabilizing cybersecurity budgets and the exponential growth of cyber threats presents a significant challenge for organizations. As the threat landscape becomes more complex and the potential for catastrophic data breaches and financial losses looms large, the need for effective cyber risk management has never been more critical.Unfortunately, many organizations are struggling to strike the right balance between their cybersecurity investments and the evolving threat landscape. This widening gap between budget constraints and the ever-expanding cyber risks can lead to several consequences:Insufficient Protection: With limited resources, organizations may be forced to prioritize certain security measures over others, leaving critical vulnerabilities unaddressed and exposing the organization to potential attacks.Increased Operational Disruption: Successful cyberattacks can result in significant downtime, data loss, and reputational damage, which can have far-reaching implications for an organization's operations and bottom line.Compliance Challenges: Failure to comply with industry regulations and data protection laws can result in hefty fines and legal liabilities, further straining an organization's resources.Reduced Confidence in Cybersecurity Posture: As the threat landscape continues to outpace their cybersecurity investments, organizations may struggle to maintain a robust security posture, potentially eroding stakeholder and customer trust.Strategies for Effective Cyber Risk ManagementTo navigate this challenging environment, organizations must adopt a strategic, risk-based approach to cybersecurity preparedness. By focusing on the most critical assets and vulnerabilities, leveraging automation and AI, and investing in employee training and awareness, businesses can optimize their cybersecurity investments and enhance their overall cyber resilience.Prioritize Critical Assets and Vulnerabilities: Conduct a thorough risk assessment to identify the organization's most valuable data, systems, and infrastructure, as well as the vulnerabilities that pose the greatest threats. This will help prioritize security measures and ensure that limited resources are allocated effectively.Leverage Automation and AI: Embrace technologies that can automate routine security tasks, such as threat detection, vulnerability scanning, and incident response. By automating these processes, organizations can free up resources to focus on more strategic, high-impact initiatives.Adopt a Risk-Based Approach: Develop a comprehensive cyber risk management strategy that aligns with the organization's overall risk appetite and business objectives. This may involve implementing a risk-based access control model, conducting regular risk assessments, and establishing a well-defined incident response plan.Invest in Employee Training and Awareness: Cybersecurity is not just a technological challenge; it also requires the active engagement of the entire workforce. Implement comprehensive training programs to upskill your cybersecurity team, as well as a program to educate non-technical employees on topics such as phishing, social engineering, and best practices for handling sensitive information. Regularly test and reinforce these learnings through simulated attacks and ongoing communication. To manage training budgets effectively, prioritize high-impact training initiatives and leverage cost-effective online learning platforms.Measure the ROI of Cybersecurity Investments: To justify and optimize cybersecurity budgets, organizations must be able to demonstrate the tangible benefits of their security initiatives. How to Measure ROI of Cybersecurity Training: Develop metrics and key performance indicators (KPIs) that quantify the impact of security measures, such as the reduction in successful phishing attempts, the number of vulnerabilities mitigated, or the cost savings from avoided data breaches. By adopting these strategies, organizations can better manage their cyber risk, even as cybersecurity budgets plateau and the threat landscape continues to evolve. This holistic approach to cyber risk management will not only help organizations navigate the current challenges but also position them for long-term success in the face of ever-changing digital threats.Get comprehensive cybersecurity training and assessment analytics to prove ROI with INE Enterprise Training for Teams. Start your pilot now!
SDN vs Traditional Networking: Enterprise Architecture Guide
As Enterprise Networks evolve, businesses increasingly transition from traditional networking models to Software-Defined Networking (SDN) architectures. This has opened the door to a range of benefits, such as lower operating costs, faster deployment, more visibility, a reduction in downtime—especially that caused by human error—and ultimately, an improved client experience. However, these changes have also brought challenges for Networking Professionals, requiring a significant shift in the skills necessary to manage and optimize networks effectively.In this analysis, we’ll discuss the differences between a Traditional Networking approach and Software-Defined Networking (SDN), how the growing need for automation and centralized control in modern networks is shaping the future of network management, and how Networking Professionals who understand these changes can equip themselves with the skills and knowledge necessary to stay competitive in a rapidly evolving field.What is Traditional Networking?Traditional Networking relies on manually configuring and managing individual devices separately, such as routers, switches, or firewalls. This model has been the standard for decades and works well for smaller, less complex networks. However, as Enterprise Networks begin to scale, the shortcomings of these traditional methods start to become evident.Traditional Networking - Key Characteristics & ShortcomingsManual Device Configuration: Network Engineers typically log in to each device and manually apply configurations. Not only is this process time-consuming, which leads to an increase in operational complexity and costs, but it also increases the likelihood of human error, and makes maintaining configuration consistency across devices a significant challenge.Isolated Troubleshooting: In traditional networks, troubleshooting is typically performed on a device-by-device basis, making it challenging to diagnose issues that affect multiple devices. For instance, conducting packet flow analysis requires hop-by-hop data collection from each individual device, which is labor-intensive and time-consuming. This approach often leads to longer resolution times and increased application downtime.Limited Network Visibility: Independent device management limits visibility into the network's overall health. This often results in additional expenses for commercial tools like SolarWinds or increased operational overhead to maintain open-source solutions like Cacti. In either case, these bolt-on tools add complexity to the network’s operation.Despite these limitations, traditional networking still has its place, particularly in environments where scalability and automation are not primary concerns. However, for larger or more dynamic networks, traditional approaches become inefficient and can hinder a business’s ability to grow. In these environments, the advantages of adopting a Software-Defined Networking (SDN) approach begin to stand out.What is Software-Defined Networking (SDN)?Software-Defined Networking (SDN) introduces a fundamentally different approach by using centralized controllers to manage network devices. This shift enables more efficient configuration, monitoring, and troubleshooting by treating the entire network as a single, programmable entity rather than managing each device in isolation. SDN not only consolidates control of device configurations, but also allows for the implementation of centralized policies that can dynamically influence traffic flows based on real-time network conditions.Software-Defined Networking (SDN) - Key Characteristics & AdvantagesCentralized Control & Automation: SDN architectures are built around a centralized controller, which serves as the “brain” of the Network. The controller has full visibility into the entire network, allowing it to manage and configure devices from a “single pane of glass” interface. Network devices, such as routers and switches, are configured and managed through the controller using templates and automation tools, limiting the need for manual intervention. Additionally, since the controller has a comprehensive view of the network, it can also program the devices to modify traffic flows in response to real-time conditions such as packet loss or latency (delay).Deployment Consistency & Error Reduction: Using centralized templates allows administrators to maintain consistent configurations across devices. This not only ensures that all devices in the Network can be configured according to best practices, but it can also reduce the risk of exposure to cybersecurity issues. SDN controllers can also apply logic checks on configurations before pushing them to devices, reducing the risk of human error. The ability to roll back changes and use configuration checkpoints ensures that Network Administrators can quickly recover from mistakes, limiting network downtime.Integrated Monitoring and Troubleshooting: SDN controllers also typically have built-in monitoring tools that provide real-time visibility into the network’s performance. Troubleshooting can be performed centrally, allowing engineers to analyze network traffic flows and performance from a single location. This can include packet captures and flow analysis, all from the controller’s GUI.Infrastructure as Code (IaC): SDN Networks are programmable, meaning that policies, configurations, and traffic flows can be managed through software. This aligns with the broader trend toward DevOps practices, where Infrastructure as Code (IaC) is used to automate and deploy network configurations in much the same way that software is deployed. This shift allows for more agile, repeatable, and scalable network deployments, significantly speeding up the deployment process, and driving down operational costs.SDN vs. Traditional Networking: A Direct ComparisonThe shift from Traditional Networking to SDN is reshaping how Enterprise Networks are designed, managed, and maintained. Below is a comparative analysis of key features of Traditional Networking and SDN:Bridging the SDN Skills GapThe shift to Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is reshaping the role of Network Engineers, Administrators, and Operators. As SDN automates many tasks that were once manually managed, the focus is moving toward centralized management, network programmability, and a deeper understanding of network automation tools. To stay competitive in the industry, professionals will need to evolve their skill sets by mastering concepts like Infrastructure as Code (IaC), automation frameworks, and SDN-specific technologies. This shift emphasizes the importance of understanding not just traditional network configurations, but also how to manage and orchestrate networks through controllers and software.Continuous training is essential to bridge this skills gap, enabling professionals to adapt to this new landscape. INE offers a wealth of resources and courses focusing on SDN and Network Automation, helping engineers stay at the forefront of these developments. Some key courses include:Implementing Cisco SD-WAN
Explore SDN in the Enterprise environment.Implementing Cisco Application Centric Infrastructure (ACI)
A focus on Software-Defined Networking in the Data Center.Network Programmability & Automation
Learn the skills needed to interact with device APIs and deploy Infrastructure as Code (IaC).The Future of Networking: Why SDN is the Way ForwardWhile traditional Networking models may still be suitable for small-scale environments, the increasing complexity of Enterprise Networks makes SDN the superior choice for organizations looking to scale. SDN not only simplifies network management but also aligns with broader trends in IT, such as automation, Infrastructure as Code, and DevOps.Benefits to Businesses:For Enterprises, the benefits of moving to SDN are clear:Cost Efficiency: SDN reduces the operational costs associated with manual network management and troubleshooting.Faster Deployment Times: With automation and centralized control, SDN allows for faster, more agile network deployments.Improved Client Experience: SDN’s enhanced monitoring and troubleshooting capabilities result in reduced downtime and better network performance.Future-Proofing: As the IT landscape continues to evolve, businesses adopting SDN will be better positioned to take advantage of future advancements in automation, cloud integration, and DevOps.ConclusionThe transition from traditional Networking to Software-Defined Networking (SDN) represents a significant paradigm shift in Enterprise Network architectures. With its centralized management, automation, and enhanced visibility, SDN offers clear advantages over traditional Networking methods. However, this transition also demands new skills from Network professionals, making continuous training and upskilling essential.Trust INE to Guide Your SDN Journey:As the IT landscape continues to evolve, Network Professionals can trust INE to provide the best training and resources to meet the demands of this rapidly changing environment. Whether you’re transitioning to Software-Defined Networking, embracing automation, or preparing for whatever comes next in the world of networking, INE's comprehensive videos, quizzes, and hands-on labs ensure that you're equipped with the knowledge and skills to stay ahead of the curve. From SDN to Network Automation, INE remains your partner in professional growth and innovation.Want to learn more about Enterprise Architecture?
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Hands-On Labs: The Key to Effective Cybersecurity Education
As cybersecurity evolves and new tools and new threats emerge, the question of how to prepare cybersecurity students for real-world challenges has become increasingly crucial. As educational leaders, we must constantly evaluate and improve our methods to ensure that our graduates are not just academically proficient, but also practically capable. This blog post explores the vital role of hands-on training in cybersecurity education and its impact on student success.The Limitations of Theoretical Learning AloneWhile theoretical knowledge forms the foundation of any educational program, relying solely on textbooks and lectures can leave students ill-prepared for the dynamic nature of cybersecurity threats. Theory provides the 'why' behind security practices, but it's the hands-on experience that delivers the 'how'. This gap between theory and practice can significantly impact retention and learning, potentially leaving students at a disadvantage when entering the workforce.The Power of Hands-On TrainingIncorporating hands-on labs into cybersecurity curricula offers several significant benefits:Enhanced Retention: Studies have consistently shown that students retain information better when they actively engage with the material. Hands-on training in cybersecurity allows students to apply theoretical concepts in practical scenarios, reinforcing their understanding and improving long-term retention.Improved Exam Performance: Programs that integrate hands-on training often see higher pass rates on certification exams. This is because students are better equipped to tackle practical questions and scenario-based problems, which are common in industry-standard certifications. The practical experience gained through hands-on labs helps students bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and real-world application, leading to more confident and successful exam performance.Real-World Skill Development: Perhaps the most crucial benefit is the development of skills directly applicable to job roles. Hands-on labs simulate real-world cybersecurity challenges, allowing students to develop problem-solving skills, critical thinking, and technical proficiency that are immediately valuable in the workplace. This practical experience also helps students build confidence in their abilities, making them more prepared to tackle the challenges they'll face in their future careers.Case Studies: The Impact of Hands-On TrainingLet's look at some examples that highlight the effectiveness of hands-on training:Columbus State University integrated INE Security’s eJPT certification into their cybersecurity program which resulted in students having a 100% pass rate and 87% of students secured employment within a month of graduation. This success story underscores the importance of practical, industry-aligned training in preparing students for the job market.A study by CompTIA found that 80% of IT and cybersecurity professionals believe hands-on experience is the best way to learn and retain new skills. This statistic emphasizes the industry's recognition of the value of practical training in developing competent professionals.A survey of employers revealed that 93% prefer candidates with hands-on cybersecurity experience, even if they're fresh graduates. This preference highlights the importance of practical skills in the hiring process and reinforces the need for educational programs to prioritize hands-on training.Implementing Hands-On Training in Cybersecurity CurriculaEducational leadership can enhance cybersecurity programs by incorporating hands-on training through:Virtual Labs: Invest in virtual lab environments that simulate real-world networks and security scenarios. These can be accessed remotely, providing flexibility for both on-campus and online students. Virtual labs allow students to experiment with different tools and techniques in a safe, controlled environment, enhancing their learning experience.Capture The Flag (CTF) Competitions: Organize or participate in CTF events, which gamify the learning experience and encourage students to apply their skills in a competitive setting. These competitions not only reinforce learning but can also develop teamwork and time management skills crucial in the cybersecurity field.Industry Partnerships: Collaborate with cybersecurity companies to provide students with access to current tools and technologies used in the field. Learn more about how Columbus State University incorporated INE Security’s eJPT certification into their cybersecurity program. Internship Programs: Develop strong internship programs that allow students to gain hands-on experience in real workplace environments. Internships provide invaluable exposure to the day-to-day operations of cybersecurity teams and help students build professional networks.Project-Based Learning: Incorporate semester-long projects that require students to design, implement, and test security solutions for realistic scenarios.The importance of supplementing theoretical learning with hands-on labs cannot be overstated. By providing students with practical, real-world experience, we not only improve their retention and exam performance but also equip them with the skills necessary to thrive in their future careers. INE Security focuses on finding the balance between theoretical and practical cybersecurity training to ensure job readiness. Furthermore, hands-on training helps address the skills gap in the cybersecurity industry. By producing graduates who are job-ready and equipped with practical skills, educational institutions can better meet the demands of employers and contribute to the overall security of our digital infrastructure.INE Security focuses on finding the balance between theoretical and practical cybersecurity training to ensure job readiness. By integrating both elements into our training programs, we prepare students for the multifaceted challenges they'll face in their cybersecurity careers.Want to learn how you can partner with INE Security to enhance your cybersecurity training program? Speak to one of our advisors today!
Looking In: Top Five Takeaways from RSAC 2024
RSAC 2024, one of the largest cybersecurity conferences of 2024, is officially in the books! We’ve unpacked our swag bags and have begun to unpack some of the incredible and innovative ideas we heard this year. As we reflect on RSAC 2024, one standout is how on point the theme was. “The Art of Possible” was reflected in every corner of the conference, specifically regarding incredible developments in artificial intelligence (AI) as it relates to cybersecurity potentially turning the industry on its head.
Here are our top five takeaways from an energizing RSAC 2024.
1 - AI in CybersecurityAI’s increasingly critical role in cybersecurity was the central theme of multiple keynotes during the conference, and more than 100 sessions were dedicated to AI alone. While vendors seized the opportunity to launch new products aimed at harnessing the power of AI or – in many cases – reeling it in, cybersecurity leaders and practitioners walking the floor had the unique opportunity to see the holistic power of AI as it infiltrates every facet of information security. From generative AI and shadow AI to machine learning and large language models, the possibilities are endless. The onus rests with companies and industry leaders to ensure that the limitless possibilities that AI presents are executed in a responsible and practical manner.
2 - Growing Importance of Cyber Resilience Cyber resilience was the focus of numerous panels and sessions, primarily because it sits square at the center of enterprise security. Throughout panel discussions and during brunches and after-dinner cocktails, conversations centered around robust recovery systems and organizational preparedness, along with the underlying need for comprehensive training programs that prepare employees to handle disruptions and ensure continuity of operations during and post-attack. One of the prime benefits of attending an information security conference like this is the chance to network one-to-one with peers and other network professionals experiencing the same challenges and pressures.
3 - Regulatory Compliance and Privacy ConcernsAlways a hot topic, regulatory compliance was once again front and center at RSAC 2024, specifically the impacts of GDPR and CCPA. For cybersecurity leaders and practitioners, there was a heavy emphasis on continuous training on the latest regulatory changes being crucial to ensuring that compliance is enhancing security measures and building consumer confidence, rather than merely fulfilling legal requirements.
4 - Collaborating Across IndustriesWe could write a book on this and maybe someday we will. But for now, we’ll stick to a blog and point out that cross-industry collaboration continues to be a massively important theme in cybersecurity. Numerous sessions and speakers capitalized on the theme to double down on the critical nature of information sharing across sectors, pointing out that the integration of shared training initiatives can enhance understanding and implementation of best practices, ultimately facilitating a more unified approach to threat intelligence and incident response.
5 - Budgetary ConstraintsNo surprise here – there was a lot of talk about how to maximize security budgets in the face of tightening wallets and a growing threat landscape. It is arguably more critical than ever to ensure security teams are constantly being upskilled and trained on the most up-to-date technology, while at the same time budgets are drying up. Specifically, we heard a number of CISOs asking how to better explain the necessity of cybersecurity training to the boardroom. As an industry, we have work to do in making it easier for practitioners and cybersecurity leaders to demonstrate the need for robust cyber training and budget prioritization. For now, the conversation continues.
RSAC 2024 was nothing short of a valuable experience filled with forward-thinking discussions and insights. At INE, we are committed to incorporating the newest insights and technologies into our training and certification programs to ensure cybersecurity leaders and professionals are fully equipped to meet and exceed tomorrow’s challenges. We’ll see you next year!
Why INE? Because We Check All of the Boxes
When it comes to online IT/IS training, we know that there’s no shortage of options. It can be daunting to make a decision, but we’ve found that most learners are looking to check similar boxes when it comes to needs:Do they offer the topics I want to learn?Is it available when I want to learn?Do they teach in a way that meets my learning needs?Can I afford the courses?Sure, there might be other factors in play, but these are the necessities. How does INE ensure we’re checking these boxes to make the choice easy for you? Read on.Does INE cover the topics I want to learn?INE started out with a networking focus 20 years ago - but we’ve grown into an IT/IS training platform that offers courses and certifications across:Networking, Cybersecurity, and Cloud Computing. We create learning paths and certifications at every proficiency level that can help individuals and teams develop from novice to expert. And as technical areas converge, the need for the intersection becomes more important, like network security and cloud security - we know because we use industry SMEs to keep up with organizational and career needs. Our current partners stick with us because we stay aligned with popular vendors as they update their technologies and certifications. For example, Cisco’s current roadmap has major updates to nearly all of their certifications over the next 18 months. INE is in the process of updating all of our Cisco exam prep learning paths in lock step with their updates. More announcements on those updates are coming soon!
Are INE learning paths and certifications available when I am ready to learn?Recently, we asked our community the biggest barriers to training and the single biggest identified challenge for professional continuing education is finding time to invest in themselves.INE offers on-demand training through instructor-led courses, labs, and hands-on practical work on a platform to provide asynchronous learning that’s ready for you when you can get to it.
Will I retain the information I learn in INE courses?Hands-on, practical learning is key to retention - which you can read all about in this blog. INE acquired Pentester Academy and Cloudskills.io to incorporate their labs into our learning paths and certifications for stronger learning experiences. With more than 3,100 browser-based labs in networking, cybersecurity, and cloud, our students can put their learned skills to practice before they take it back to real-world environments. Take our labs for a test drive with Lab Demo - no credit card required.
Can I afford the courses?Our Subscription model makes learning affordable for nearly any individual learner or organization. Are you an IT or HR leader looking for Training for Teams? We’ve got you covered. Contact us today to schedule a demo.Check out these subscriptions for individual learners:Fundamentals Monthly at $59/monthlyFundamentals Annual at $299/yearPremium at $749/yearPremium+ at $899/yearAnd just to make it even more affordable, we often run promotions to make sure that everyone that wants to learn with us, CAN learn with us. Sign-up for our mailing list so that you won’t miss a thing.
Looking to save now? Summer savings is in full swing, now through August 10, 2023, with:$100 off on eLearnSecurity certifications$100 off on Junior Penetration Tester + 3 months of Fundamentals (eJPT + 3) $100 off on Enterprise Defense Administrator + 3 months of Premium (eEDA + 3)Take $100 off ANY eLearnSecurity Certification - Use coupon code elsJULY23100ORSave $100 on eJPT + 3 or eEDA + 3 - Use coupon code CyberJULY23100
Small Print:$100.00 off eLearnSecurity Certification Vouchers, code elsJULY23100, is only valid through August 10, 2023.Offer valid on new eLearnSecurity exam vouchers, we reserve the right to change this offer at any time.Once purchased, the eLearnSecurity certification exam voucher will be in your account and available to attempt for 180 days. You will have two attempts to pass the certification exam.eJPT + 3 months of Fundamentals will renew quarterly at $117 following the 3-month period after purchase for $249eEDA can be purchased at discounted rate as standalone with existing Premium Subscription or HighereEDA + 3 months of Premium will renew after 3 months at $350, then $749 annually from purchase dateTHESE CERTIFICATION ARE RETIRING and the exam MUST be TAKEN prior to October 1, 2023: CPTXv2, eCMAP, eCXD, eCRE, eWDP. Note for Existing Subscribers: Premium subscribers (or higher) can purchase the Enterprise Defense Administration Voucher or the Junior Penetration Tester Voucher on its own and save $100 with coupon code elsJULY23100.
Capture the Flag for Empowered Cybersecurity Training
In January 2024, JPMorgan Chase’s CEO revealed that the asset and wealth management company fends off 45 billion cyber attack attempts per day. While most organizations won’t have to combat the same level of attack as a leader in the financial industry, global cyber crime damages are predicted to grow 15% YoY, topping $10 trillion by 2025. Cybersecurity preparedness has become a top priority as businesses strive to protect their sensitive data and maintain the trust of their customers.Organizations are now looking for ways to keep their teams more engaged in the training that helps them stay prepared for emerging cybersecurity events and trends. INE is excited to announce CTF Arena - free Capture the Flag challenges that put security professionals to the test in real world scenarios. Monthly challenges are a fun, competitive way to supplement training and spark some excitement in teams that are prone to burnout. Why Should Your Team Participate in CTFs?Cyber attacks are relentless. Teams are burnt out. Who has the time to add more training? The short answer is no one. There will never be enough hours in the day for a dedicated cybersecurity professional to accomplish everything they want and need to do. But training is never going to be optional - so it might as well be fun!
Capture the Flag challenges are typically modeled after a real-world scenario or cyber attack that happened, and give cybersecurity professionals a risk-free environment to work through how they would stop the attack. Since most CTFs (like ours) offer prizes for top performers and Easter Eggs for extra prizes, it’s an easy way to incentivize your team to get involved. Other benefits include:Skill Development: Participants get hands-on practice identifying and mitigating security vulnerabilities in a cyber attack simulation to stay ahead of emerging threats and improve their overall cybersecurity knowledge.Team Building: CTF challenges encourage teams to work together to solve complex challenges, improving effective collaboration and communication. This collaborative spirit translates well into the workplace, fostering a stronger team dynamic. In a field where teamwork is crucial, CTF challenges can help employees build trust and cohesion, ultimately benefiting the organization's overall cybersecurity strategy.Identifying Weaknesses: Organizations can use CTF challenges as a proactive approach to identify weaknesses in their cybersecurity infrastructure. By observing how Red Teams tackle challenges, cybersecurity teams can gain insights into potential gaps or areas that may need improvement. This proactive approach enables organizations to address vulnerabilities before they can be exploited by malicious actors, enhancing the overall security posture.Continuous Learning: If you hear every day that continuous training is imperative, that’s because it is! The speed at which new threats emerge has increased since AI tools have become widely available. INE offers new CTF challenges monthly to align with emerging threats. We also offer training for individuals and teams across Cybersecurity, Networking, and Cloud and at every skill level to engage technology professionals regularly in hands-on training. Motivation and Engagement: The competitive and gamified nature of CTF challenges makes learning fun and engaging. When employees are motivated to improve their skills, they are more likely to stay committed to maintaining a high level of cybersecurity awareness in their daily work, benefiting the organization as a whole.See the LIVE Challenge Board here!Notify Me When The Challenge Opens
Organizations can greatly benefit from encouraging their employees to participate in cybersecurity Capture the Flag challenges. From skill development and team building to identifying weaknesses and promoting continuous learning, the positive impact on the overall security posture is significant. Embracing CTF challenges not only enhances the capabilities of individual employees but also contributes to building a resilient and proactive cybersecurity culture within the organization. Want to learn more about how to engage cyber teams in hands-on training? Schedule a demo!
Code Blue: Strengthening Healthcare Cybersecurity Defenses
Another high-profile healthcare cyber attack is sending shockwaves through the healthcare industry. This time, a Chicago children’s hospital is at the center of a damaging, costly, and life-threatening cyber attack. Few in the industry, if any, are surprised, but there is universal dismay and intense frustration among those charged with keeping infrastructure secure. Dismay over the seemingly endless vector points through which bad actors can target and exploit this industry, and frustration over the continuously stressful pattern of defending what feels indefensible. Worldwide, healthcare remains the number one industry targeted by cyber attackers, with 173 attacks in 2023 costing an average of $10 million each, according to data compiled by INE Security cybersecurity instructor Alexis Ahmed. More than 365 million records were compromised during that time, a 22% increase over the prior year, and only a portion of the more than 1.2 billion records exposed in all corporate attacks.In the face of unprecedented challenges and an endless onslaught of healthcare cybersecurity attacks, we sat down with INE Security’s Defensive Security Instructor Brian Olliff to talk about healthcare cybersecurity solutions. Brian spent nearly a decade working as a cybersecurity analyst and manager for a large South Carolina-based healthcare organization. He has had a front-row seat to the growing cybersecurity challenges faced by the healthcare industry and is passionate about strengthening cyber defense training for this critical industry. How vulnerable is the healthcare industry right now compared to other industries?When it comes to cybersecurity for hospitals and healthcare facilities, the iron will always be hot. That’s to say, attacks have been bad, but they are getting worse. There are more of them, they are getting more expensive, and in some cases actually costing lives, which is obviously the absolute worst-case scenario.Why is healthcare such a hot target?The high-stakes dynamic means healthcare organizations have little room to negotiate or risk wasting valuable time by refusing to cooperate. The urgency of keeping everything online and functioning makes healthcare infrastructure particularly vulnerable. With hospitals and other healthcare operations, you aren’t just talking about money, lost revenue, or lost business, you’re talking about lost lives. Unfortunately, the majority of attackers have more resources and more time than defenders do, so that leaves an uneven and vulnerable playing field, giving attackers the upper hand.
What is standing in the way of healthcare organizations being more secure and able to defend themselves?Budgets are tight, and regulations are not stringent enough. A lot of businesses, healthcare included, will take the approach that paying the ransom or paying the fines is cheaper than investing in the technology to defend against them. You can understand how they would get there; the attacks are sophisticated and come in from a lot of different vectors. However, mitigation and prevention of these attacks can, in reality, be diminished with efficient and appropriate use of budget – creating a strong defense even with a small budget.
How should healthcare organizations prioritize their budgets? First, I’ll say cybersecurity training, from front to back offices, is crucial in the effort to prevent and defend against bad actors looking to exploit healthcare organizations. Data shows, and I sincerely believe, that training is the number one way organizations can stand up a strong defense against cybersecurity attacks. Training is critical. Obviously, ongoing cybersecurity training within the IT team is really important to ensure the entire team understands the newest technologies and threats and has constant real-world practice so that when an attack hits it is almost just muscle memory.
Beyond that, user education and user training is one of the least expensive and most effective ways to set up a first line of defense for cybersecurity breaches. Social engineering is one of the simplest ways for attackers to access systems. You’ve got phishing attacks through email, where attackers will try to get users to click on links in an email that will lead users to a fake landing page. Most of these pages look very legitimate, so it's difficult for even experts to tell the difference sometimes, and without some type of training, users will just give up their username and password without realizing it. By implementing a robust training program for employees, you can help them recognize what a suspicious email looks like, and when to raise a red flag. Then you provide them an easy, frictionless way to report that suspicious message so a security professional can then look at it. A lot of companies do annual security awareness training to meet compliance requirements, and the reality is that is simply not enough – not by a long shot. This is why cybercrime works. Second, make sure whatever budget you have is being used efficiently. This will look different for each organization. But a lot of companies are using cloud providers and cloud-hosted resources. They want to make sure those are properly configured and have the right controls, settings, and permissions in place, then verify that those controls are effective, either through audits or pentests. Configuring it correctly is only half the battle - you have to verify that it is actually effective. Minimizing the extent of publicly-hosted systems or applications is another big one. This is more challenging with so many remote workers now, but still important. Implementing multi-factor authentication into the systems is an additional layer of security. There are ways to trick users into giving up the token codes, and unfortunately, this happens more than it should. But it’s the combination of these security tactics that become layers upon layers of solid defense, and you count on that to protect you.
ConclusionThe dynamic nature of cyber threats requires continuous vigilance, particularly within the healthcare industry, where the stakes have never been higher. Combining proper cybersecurity training, efficiently allocated resources, and layered security measures across the organization are critical to combatting threats.Download our whitepaper “A Strong Defense for Training Security Teams” to learn more about how advanced training programs can equip providers to safeguard data amid threats. Interested in learning more about how INE Security can offer solutions to your team? Connect with our team to see firsthand how INE’s immersive cyber training will empower your organization with job-ready skills to implement protections in a strained threat landscape.
Bridging the Gap: Modern Cybersecurity Education
Cybersecurity has become a critical concern for organizations across all sectors. As cyber threats continue to grow in sophistication and frequency, the demand for skilled cybersecurity professionals has skyrocketed. This surge in demand presents both a challenge and an opportunity for higher education institutions tasked with preparing the next generation of cybersecurity experts. To address this pressing need, it's crucial for academic institutions to adapt their cybersecurity education programs to meet the ever-changing requirements of the industry.The Rapidly Evolving Cybersecurity LandscapeThe field of cybersecurity is characterized by its constant state of flux. New technologies emerge at a breakneck pace, threat actors continuously develop novel attack vectors, and industry best practices evolve to keep up with these changes. This dynamic environment creates a significant challenge for higher education institutions striving to maintain up-to-date curricula.Traditional academic approaches have long been the cornerstone of higher education, providing students with a solid foundation of knowledge across various disciplines. These methods, which include carefully curated textbooks and meticulously developed course materials, are the result of rigorous academic processes designed to ensure the highest quality of information. For many fields of study, this approach continues to serve students well.However, the rapidly evolving nature of cybersecurity presents unique challenges to this traditional model. The pace of change in the digital threat landscape often outstrips the rate at which academic materials can be updated through conventional channels. As a result, even the most diligently prepared cybersecurity curricula may struggle to fully reflect the latest developments in the field. This creates an opportunity for higher education institutions to complement their foundational academic approach with dynamic, industry-aligned resources. By integrating regularly updated content from cybersecurity leaders like INE, institutions can ensure their students are exposed to the most current practices and technologies, bridging the gap between academic rigor and real-world relevance in this fast-paced field.The Importance of Practical, Industry-Relevant TrainingTo bridge this gap, it's essential for cybersecurity programs to focus on providing students with practical, hands-on skills that directly align with the demands of the job market. Employers are increasingly seeking candidates who possess not only theoretical knowledge but also the ability to apply that knowledge in real-world scenarios.This shift in focus requires a fundamental change in how cybersecurity education is approached. Instead of relying solely on lectures and theoretical examinations, programs should incorporate hands-on labs, simulated environments, and real-world case studies. These practical elements allow students to develop the critical thinking skills and problem-solving abilities that are crucial in the fast-paced world of cybersecurity.Overcoming the Challenges of Curriculum UpdatesUpdating curricula to keep pace with the rapidly evolving cybersecurity landscape is no small feat. Educational institutions face numerous challenges in this process, including:Limited budgets: Developing and maintaining up-to-date course materials can be costly, especially for institutions with constrained resources.Faculty expertise: It can be challenging for faculty members to stay current with the latest cybersecurity trends while balancing teaching and research responsibilities.Technological constraints: Providing students with access to cutting-edge tools and environments may require significant infrastructure investments.Accreditation requirements: Ensuring that updated curricula still meet accreditation standards can be a complex and time-consuming process.Leveraging INE Resources to Bridge the Curriculum GapOne effective way for higher education institutions to address the challenges of maintaining relevant cybersecurity curricula is by partnering with industry leaders like INE. Offering regularly updated, hands-on content, INE’s learning paths, certification prep, and industry-recognized cybersecurity certifications complement higher education’s theoretical learning.By leveraging INE's resources, educational institutions can ensure that their students have access to the most up-to-date and industry-relevant training materials. This approach allows academic programs to remain agile and responsive to the evolving needs of the industry without placing an undue burden on faculty - and budget - to constantly revise course materials.Want to learn how to prepare cybersecurity students?
Read our latest case study to learn how we partnered with Columbus State University.Fostering Collaboration Between Educators and Industry ExpertsTo truly bridge the gap between academia and industry, it's crucial to foster strong relationships between higher education institutions and cybersecurity leaders. This collaboration ensures that curriculum development reflects the evolving needs of the field and provides a more affordable way for higher ed institutions to implement a hands-on lab environment for comprehensive cybersecurity training.The Future of Cybersecurity EducationIt's vital to have an understanding of what cybersecurity skills are in demand. As we look to the future of cybersecurity education, there are several trends in higher education that are likely to shape the field:Increased focus on emerging technologies: Programs will need to incorporate training on AI, machine learning, IoT security, and quantum computing.Emphasis on soft skills: Communication, leadership, and ethical decision-making will become increasingly important alongside technical skills.Adaptive learning systems: Personalized learning paths will help students focus on areas where they need the most improvement.Gamification and immersive learning: Virtual and augmented reality technologies will provide more engaging and realistic training scenarios.Continuous learning models: Recognition that cybersecurity education doesn't end with graduation, but requires ongoing professional development.INE's resources are well-positioned to support these emerging trends in higher education, offering constantly updated content that covers cutting-edge technologies and methodologies. By partnering with INE, higher education institutions can ensure that their students are prepared not just for today's cybersecurity challenges, but for the evolving landscape of tomorrow.The nature of cybersecurity’s threat and technology evolution presents both challenges and opportunities for higher education institutions. By embracing practical, industry-relevant training, leveraging resources from industry leaders like INE, and fostering collaboration between academia and industry experts, these institutions can develop dynamic, effective cybersecurity programs.These programs will not only meet the current demands of the job market but will also teach you how to prepare cybersecurity students for the future, ensuring a robust pipeline of skilled professionals ready to tackle the complex security challenges of our increasingly digital world.
Challenges in Penetration Testing Active Directory
Challenges in Penetration Testing Active DirectoryActive Directory (AD) is a cornerstone of IT infrastructure in many organizations, managing user authentication, access rights, and a myriad of other critical functions. Consequently, its security is paramount, making it a prime target for penetration testers and malicious actors alike. Penetration testing Active Directory poses unique challenges that require a deep understanding of its complex environment, specialized skills, and a careful balance to avoid operational disruptions. This blog explores these challenges and offers insights into navigating them effectively.Complexity of Active Directory EnvironmentsOne of the primary challenges in penetration testing Active Directory is the sheer complexity of the environments. Active Directory systems can span multiple domains, forests, and trust relationships, each with its unique configurations and security settings. This complexity is further compounded by the integration with various applications and services, both on-premises and in the cloud.Penetration testers must have a comprehensive understanding of AD architecture to effectively identify and exploit vulnerabilities. This includes knowledge of domain controllers, Group Policy Objects (GPOs), Organizational Units (OUs), and the various protocols AD uses, such as LDAP, Kerberos, and SMB. Without this deep technical expertise, testers may overlook critical vulnerabilities or fail to understand the full impact of their findings.Example The WannaCry ransomware attack of 2017 exploited a vulnerability in unpatched Samba servers, which are often used to connect to Active Directory in Linux environments. This highlights the challenge of maintaining security across complex, interconnected systems (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WannaCry_ransomware_attack).Countermeasure: Implement a segmentation strategy within Active Directory to limit the blast radius of potential attacks. This involves dividing the AD environment into smaller, logical units based on security needs.Countermeasure: Regularly review and document Active Directory configurations to identify and address any inconsistencies or misconfigurations that could create vulnerabilities.Related INE Content:WannaCry Ransomware CVE-2017-0143 (Skill Dive Lab)Specialized Skills RequiredConducting an AD penetration test requires specialized skills that go beyond general penetration testing knowledge. Testers must be proficient in using tools specifically designed for AD environments. Tools like BloodHound, Mimikatz, and PowerView are essential for enumerating AD objects, discovering attack paths, and exploiting vulnerabilities.Moreover, testers must be adept at leveraging these tools without triggering security alerts or causing disruptions. For instance, while Mimikatz is powerful for extracting plaintext passwords and Kerberos tickets, its use can easily be detected by modern endpoint detection and response (EDR) systems. Thus, testers need to employ stealthy techniques and remain aware of the latest detection mechanisms.Example In 2020, attackers used a sophisticated attack chain involving the SolarWinds supply chain compromise to gain access to Active Directory environments. This incident emphasizes the need for penetration testers with expertise in both AD and emerging threats (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SolarWinds).Countermeasure: Invest in training and certification programs for penetration testers to ensure they possess the necessary skills and knowledge for AD testing. Certifications like OSCP with a focus on Active Directory can be valuable.Countermeasure: Utilize automated penetration testing tools designed specifically for AD environments. These tools can streamline tasks like enumeration and vulnerability scanning, allowing testers to focus on more complex activities.Related INE Content:BloodHound Reconnaissance WinRM: MimikatzPowerView: Active Directory EnumerationDetection EvasionEvasion of detection mechanisms is a significant challenge in AD penetration testing. Modern AD environments are often equipped with advanced security tools like Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) systems, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), and EDR solutions. These tools are designed to detect and respond to suspicious activities, making it difficult for penetration testers to operate without being detected.Testers must use techniques such as “living off the land” (using built-in Windows tools and commands) to blend in with normal network traffic. They also need to be cautious about the frequency and nature of their actions to avoid triggering alerts. For example, excessive LDAP queries or failed login attempts can quickly raise red flags.Example The APT29 hacking group, known for their meticulous planning, has been documented using custom tools and techniques to bypass detection mechanisms during AD attacks. This illustrates the ongoing battle between penetration testers and security teams (https://www.cybereason.com/resources).Countermeasure: Leverage red teaming exercises to simulate real-world attacks and test the effectiveness of detection and response mechanisms. This helps identify blind spots and refine security controls.Countermeasure: Configure security tools to focus on behavioral analysis rather than just identifying specific attack signatures. This can help detect novel attack techniques that might bypass traditional signature-based detection.Related INE Content:Detecting PsExec with WazuhDetecting Windows Webshells with WazuhDetecting Abnormal Network Connections With WazuhBalancing Thorough Testing and Operational DisruptionOne of the most delicate aspects of AD penetration testing is balancing the thoroughness of the test with the need to avoid operational disruption. AD is integral to the day-to-day operations of an organization; any significant disruption can impact productivity and cause widespread issues.Penetration testers must carefully plan their activities to minimize the risk of causing downtime. This often involves conducting tests during off-peak hours, coordinating with IT staff, and using non-destructive testing methods whenever possible. Additionally, testers should have a clear communication plan in place to quickly address any issues that arise during the test.Example A recent case study describes a penetration test where testers accidentally triggered a lockout policy on a critical domain controller, causing a temporary outage. This emphasizes the importance of clear communication and planning to minimize disruption during AD testing.Countermeasure: Conduct penetration testing during off-peak hours or scheduled maintenance windows to minimize disruption to core business operations.Countermeasure: Utilize non-destructive testing methods whenever possible. This could involve leveraging read-only access or deploying virtual environments for testing purposes.Countermeasure: Establish clear communication channels with IT staff before, during, and after penetration testing to ensure everyone is aware of the testing activities and can respond to any potential issues promptly.Managing Access and PrivilegesGaining and managing access within an AD environment is another challenge. Penetration testers often start with limited access and need to escalate privileges to achieve their objectives. This involves identifying and exploiting misconfigurations, weak passwords, and other vulnerabilities.Privilege escalation must be handled with care to avoid detection and prevent unintended consequences. For example, exploiting a misconfigured service to gain administrative privileges should be done in a way that does not disrupt the service or alert administrators. Testers need to document each step meticulously and ensure that they can revert any changes made during the test.ExamplePassword Spraying: Penetration testers might attempt password spraying attacks to gain initial access using common passwords or leaked credentials from other breaches. This highlights the importance of enforcing strong password policies and multi-factor authentication.Countermeasures:Principle of Least Privilege: Implement the principle of least privilege, granting users only the minimum access permissions they need to perform their jobs. This reduces the potential damage if an account is compromised.Just-in-Time (JIT) Privileging: Utilize Just-in-Time (JIT) provisioning to grant elevated privileges only when needed and for a limited duration. This minimizes the window of opportunity for attackers to exploit privileged accounts.Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA): Enforce multi-factor authentication (MFA) for all privileged accounts to add an extra layer of security beyond passwords.Regular Privilege Reviews: Conduct regular reviews of user privileges to identify and remove any unnecessary access rights that could be exploited by attackers.
Related INE Content:Password Attacks: Password SprayingPassword SprayingPenetration testing Active Directory is a complex and challenging endeavor that requires a high level of expertise, specialized skills, and careful planning. The complexity of AD environments, the need for detection evasion, and the balance between thorough testing and operational disruption are just a few of the hurdles that testers must navigate. Despite these challenges, effective AD penetration testing is crucial for identifying and mitigating vulnerabilities, ultimately strengthening the security posture of the organization. By understanding and addressing these challenges, penetration testers can provide valuable insights that help protect critical AD infrastructure from potential threats.
The Certified Professional Penetration Tester (eCPPT) certification just launched on June 18 with an updated exam to align with the totally updated eCPPT Learning Path. Now through July 15, you can purchase the eCPPT exam or eCPPT + 3 months of Premium training for $100 off.
INE offers Premium training and hands-on labs to help penetration testing professionals stay ahead of the curve when it comes to Active Directory and other security challenges. . Learn more about why INE Security is a leading training and certification provider
Advanced Penetration Testing: Evolving Techniques for 2024
Staying ahead of threat actors requires constant adaptation and innovation from cybersecurity professionals. As we move through 2024, the importance of aligning penetration testing techniques with current trends and emerging threats cannot be overstated. This blog explores the latest advancements in pentesting methodologies, the value of up-to-date ethical hacking certifications, and the growing integration of incident response in modern security practices.For both seasoned professionals and those new to the field, understanding these advanced concepts is crucial. The cybersecurity landscape is no longer just about identifying known vulnerabilities; it's about anticipating and simulating sophisticated, multi-vector attacks that mirror real-world threats. By adopting cutting-edge techniques and continuously updating our skillsets, we can better protect organizations from the ever-evolving challenges posed by malicious actors.Let's dive into the world of advanced penetration testing and discover how we can elevate our cybersecurity game to meet the demands of today's threat landscape.
The Evolution of Penetration Testing TechniquesAs cyber threats become more sophisticated, penetration testing methodologies must evolve to keep pace. Here are some advanced techniques gaining prominence in 2024:AI-Assisted Penetration Testing - Artificial Intelligence is revolutionizing the field of penetration testing:Automated vulnerability discoveryIntelligent exploit generationPredictive analysis of potential attack vectorsCloud-Native Penetration Testing - With the widespread adoption of cloud services, specialized techniques have emerged:Container escape testingServerless function analysisMulti-cloud environment assessmentIoT and ICS Penetration Testing - The Internet of Things (IoT) and Industrial Control Systems (ICS) present unique challenges:Protocol-specific testing (e.g., MQTT, Modbus)Firmware analysis and exploitationPhysical security integration with digital testingAdvanced Social Engineering TechniquesHuman factors remain a critical vulnerability in many organizations. Advanced social engineering techniques now incorporate AI-generated phishing campaigns, voice cloning for sophisticated vishing attacks, and even deepfake-based impersonation strategies. Penetration testers must be well-versed in these evolving tactics to effectively simulate and defend against them.
Ethical Hacking Certifications: Validating Your ExpertiseSelecting the appropriate penetration testing certification depends on various factors:Career goals and specialization interestsCurrent skill level and experienceIndustry recognition and employer preferencesTime and financial investment requiredConsider creating a personalized certification roadmap that aligns with your career objectives and the evolving needs of the cybersecurity industry.
Incident Response Integration: A Holistic ApproachA growing trend in the industry is the adoption of Purple Team exercises. These collaborative efforts blend red team (offensive) and blue team (defensive) approaches, creating real-time attack and defense simulations with continuous feedback loops for immediate improvement. This holistic approach not only enhances an organization's security posture but also fosters a culture of ongoing learning and adaptation. This integration offers several benefits:Realistic Attack SimulationsMimics real-world cyber incidentsTests both preventive and reactive security measuresImproved Response Time MetricsMeasures how quickly threats are detected and containedIdentifies bottlenecks in the incident response processEnhanced Communication ChannelsTests notification and escalation proceduresEnsures clear lines of communication during a crisisRegulatory Compliance ValidationVerifies adherence to incident reporting requirementsHelps meet industry-specific compliance standardsContinuous Improvement CycleProvides actionable feedback for both offensive and defensive teamsFacilitates regular updates to incident response playbooksLearn more about incident responseWhat Are Advanced Penetration Testing Techniques?Advanced penetration testing techniques go beyond traditional methods to uncover complex vulnerabilities and simulate sophisticated attacks. Some key characteristics include:Customization and TailoringAdapting techniques to specific target environmentsDeveloping custom exploits for unique vulnerabilitiesEvasion and StealthEmploying advanced obfuscation techniquesMimicking legitimate traffic patterns to avoid detectionChaining and PivotingCombining multiple vulnerabilities for maximum impactLeveraging compromised systems to access deeper network segmentsAutomation and ScalabilityUsing AI and machine learning for intelligent testingDeveloping scripts and tools for efficient, large-scale assessmentsPost-Exploitation FocusEmphasizing lateral movement and privilege escalationAssessing data exfiltration paths and persistence mechanismsExplore advanced penetration testing techniques in-depth
Staying Ahead in the Cybersecurity Arms RaceAs cyber threats continue to evolve, the importance of advanced penetration testing techniques, ethical hacking certifications, and integrated incident response cannot be overstated. By embracing these cutting-edge approaches and continuously updating their skills, cybersecurity professionals can better protect organizations from emerging threats.Remember, the key to success in this field is ongoing education and practical experience. Consider pursuing relevant certifications, participating in hands-on labs, and staying informed about the latest industry trends to maintain your competitive edge in the ever-changing world of cybersecurity. Start your advanced penetration testing journey with INE's comprehensive training programs
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